{"id":756,"date":"2025-01-10T19:12:13","date_gmt":"2025-01-10T17:12:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/catalogues.salvador-dali.org\/catalogues\/glossari\/"},"modified":"2025-02-05T14:37:06","modified_gmt":"2025-02-05T12:37:06","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/catalogues.salvador-dali.org\/catalogues\/en\/catalogue-raisonne-sculpture\/intro\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns col-text marges is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The definitions in this glossary are based on authoritative dictionaries, thesauruses and works of reference such as the <em>Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms<\/em><sup><a href=\"#nota-1\" id=\"ref-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup> and the <em>Art &amp; Architecture Thesaurus<\/em> of the Getty Research Institute.<sup><a href=\"#nota-2\" id=\"ref-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup> Some terms have been complemented with material from contemporaneous sources such as the 1938 <em>Dictionnaire abr\u00e9g\u00e9 du surr\u00e9alisme<\/em>,<sup><a href=\"#nota-3\" id=\"ref-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup> and with excerpts from those of Dal\u00ed&#8217;s writings that have a bearing on the sculptural work, which were especially significant during the 1930s. Consideration has also been given to the retrospective references to some of the sculptural works in the artist&#8217;s autobiography, <em>The<\/em> <em>Secret Life of Salvador<\/em> <em>Dal\u00ed<\/em>, published in 1942.<sup><a href=\"#nota-4\" id=\"ref-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup> At the same time, it should be borne in mind that a number of terms are specific to Dal\u00ed and his work: in other words, they relate to original creations by the artist, and as such their definition is based exclusively on Dal\u00ed&#8217;s testimony.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"index index--glossari\">\n\t<li id=\"a\" class=\"first\">\n\t<h2>A<\/h2>\n\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Assemblage<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>A type of three-dimensional artwork based on the combination of different materials or objects, generally found objects or non-traditional art elements, often in conjunction with elements painted, carved or moulded by the artist. The term is usually applied to certain works created by Jean Dubuffet in 1953.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Automatic object<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>This is the term used in certain documents in which reference is made to the involuntary sculptures published in the magazine <em>Minotaure<\/em><sup><a href=\"#nota-5\" id=\"ref-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup> in 1933, created by Dal\u00ed and Brassa\u00ef, and to others that although unpublished probably belonged to the same series.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Automatic sculpture<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>In the article \u2018The Object as Revealed in Surrealist Experiment\u2019, published in 1932, Dal\u00ed defines automatic sculpture in the following terms: \u2018At every meeting for polemics or experiment, let every person be supplied with a fixed quantity of malleable material to be dealt with automatically. The shapes thus made, together with each maker&#8217;s notes (of the time and conditions of production), are later collected and analyzed.\u2019<sup><a href=\"#nota-6\" id=\"ref-6\">[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"e\">\n\t<h2>E<\/h2>\n\n\t<div>\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Ephemeral installation<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>An installation whose existence is limited to a specific period of time, on account of the transient nature of the materials used or the decision of the artist or the exhibition space.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div>\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Ephemeral object-sculpture<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>Dal\u00ed successively modified and transformed a number of his own object-sculptures, thereby generating unique original versions of an ephemeral nature, each of which had a limited life, because it ceased to exist when it was succeeded by a new version.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"f\">\n\t<h2>F<\/h2>\n\n\t<div>\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Found object<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>From the French <em>objet trouv\u00e9<\/em>, the term is used of an object found by an artist and presented as an artwork (or as part of one) by virtue of its aesthetic qualities. Such objects may be manufactured or of natural origin and be shown either without any alterations or slight modified by the artist. The practice is closely associated with a number of Dadaist and Surrealist artists.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"i\">\n\t<h2>I<\/h2>\n\n\t<div>\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Installation<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>An art assemblage or other creative work in which the space occupied by all of the constituent parts is integral to the overall design. While the first installations date from the early years of the 20th century, the genre became especially prominent in the 1970s. Installations, designed both for interior and exterior spaces, often require the physical presence and active involvement of the viewer.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Involuntary sculpture<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>This term corresponds to a new category of sculptural work in Dal\u00ed&#8217;s \u0153uvre, in which certain found or automatic objects were photographed according to specific artistic criteria. In 1933 Dal\u00ed took on the artistic direction of a series of photographs by Brassa\u00ef, in which the sculptural creation is endowed with a new conceptual and artistic dimension grounded in the essence of the photographic image. These pictures were published that same year in the magazine <em>Minotaure<\/em>,<sup><a href=\"#nota-7\" id=\"ref-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup> with descriptive titles &#8211; probably given to them by Dal\u00ed &#8211; to facilitate an understanding of the composition. It has not yet been established whether these creations were exhibited or were considered to be works in their own right, beyond photography.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"m\">\n\t<h2>M<\/h2>\n\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Manipulated object<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>Three-dimensional works of this kind are characteristic of Dal\u00ed&#8217;s output and are distinguished by being an intervention in an object or work created by another artist. This practice, which may involve a variety of different techniques, is usually identified with pictorial interventions or the assemblage of other objects.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Manipulated sculpture<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>Three-dimensional work characteristic of Dal\u00ed&#8217;s output, in which he intervened a sculpture by another artist. This practice, which may involve a variety of different techniques, is usually identified with pictorial interventions or the assemblage of other objects.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"o\">\n\t<h2>O<\/h2>\n\n\t<div>\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Object<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>The term is generally applied to an object produced, modified and used by human agency, in contrast to a product of nature, usually movable and created to perform a specific function.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div>\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Object functioning symbolically<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>This new type of surrealist object, first created by Dal\u00ed in 1931, is distinguished by its origin and its automatic operation. As defined by Dal\u00ed, such objects are \u2018based on phantasies and representations likely to be provoked by the realization of unconscious acts\u2019<sup><a href=\"#nota-8\" id=\"ref-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>, and their origin can also be related to the contemporaneoous <em>Suspended Ball<\/em>, by Alberto Giacometti. This category also gives rise to the name of the first surrealist object created by Dal\u00ed, which he presented in <em>Le surr\u00e9alisme au service de la r\u00e9volution<\/em>, along with objects by Alberto Giacometti, Valentine Hugo, Andr\u00e9 Breton and Gala \u00c9luard.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div>\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Object-sculpture<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>Three-dimensional artwork based on the combination of different materials or objects, generally found objects or non-traditional art elements, often in conjunction with elements painted, carved or moulded by the artist.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"r\">\n\t<h2>R<\/h2>\n\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Readymade<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>According to Marcel Duchamp, a readymade is an everyday object elevated to the status of art simply by being chosen by the artist. On this basis it can be identified as a mass-produced utility object, which the artist places in an artistic context and in so doing transforms into a work of art. According to Duchamp, the selection of these objects is based on a reaction of visual indifference, with at the same time a total absence of good or bad taste.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"s\">\n\t<h2>S<\/h2>\n\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Sculpture<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>A three-dimensional artwork in which forms and images are reproduced in relief, etching or high relief. The term refers especially to works of art created by carving or etching a hard material, by modelling or casting a malleable material (which usually then sets hard) or by grouping pieces to create a three-dimensional object. The term tends to be applied to large- and medium-sized objects made of stone, wood, bronze and other metals. For smaller objects, the term \u2018carving\u2019 or other appropriate designation is generally used. \u2018Sculpture\u2019 refers both to works that represent tangible beings, objects or groups of objects and to abstract works with defined and measurable boundaries.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Sculpture in the round<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>sculpture in which the forms are carved or modelled in full in three dimensions rather than being modelled or carved in relief on a plane surface.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t\t<div><dt>Surrealist object<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>According to <em>The Secret Life of Salvador Dal\u00ed<\/em>: \u2018The surrealist object is one that is absolutely useless from the practical and rational point of view, created wholly for the purpose of materializing in a fetishistic way, with the maximum of tangible reality, ideas and fantasies having a delirious character.\u2019<sup><a href=\"#nota-9\" id=\"ref-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup> The origin of these creations can be linked to the readymades produced by Marcel Duchamp from 1914 and to the dream object proposed by Andr\u00e9 Breton in 1924. In 1931, in an article in <em>Le surr\u00e9alisme au service de la r\u00e9volution<\/em>,<sup><a href=\"#nota-10\" id=\"ref-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup> Dal\u00ed established a new system for classifying surrealistic objects in six categories: objects functioning symbolically, transubstantiated objects, objects to be thrown, wrapped objects, object-machines and objects-mouldings.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"t\" class=\"last\">\n\t<h2>T<\/h2>\n\n\t<dl>\n\t\t<div><dt>Thinking machine<\/dt>\n\t\t<dd>\n\t\t<p>Dal\u00ed distinguishes this category from other surrealist objects in his 1936 article \u2018Honneur \u00e0 l&#8217;objet !\u2019<sup><a href=\"#nota-11\" id=\"ref-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>, in which he included <em>The<\/em> <em>Aphrodisiac Jacket<\/em> in the category of \u2018thinking machines\u2019. A little later, in an article published in <em>Art Front<\/em> in 1937, Dal\u00ed refers to a previous creation that identifies with the same category: \u2018In 1932, during a seance of surrealist experiment I described a complicated project for a surrealist object to be called a &#8220;thinking machine&#8221;, for which several hundred small goblets would be required, filled with warm milk and hung so as to conform with the structure of a large rocking chair.\u2019<sup><a href=\"#nota-12\" id=\"ref-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\t\t<\/dd><\/div>\n\t<\/dl>\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"footnotes\">\n\t<li id=\"nota-1\" class=\"first\"><a href=\"#ref-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tornar amunt\" src=\"\/catalogues\/media\/img\/cataleg-escultures\/arrow-up.svg\"> <\/a> Michael Clarke, <em>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms<\/em>, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"nota-2\"><a href=\"#ref-2\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tornar amunt\" src=\"\/catalogues\/media\/img\/cataleg-escultures\/arrow-up.svg\"> <\/a> Art &amp; Architecture Thesaurus of the The Getty Research Institute. Publ.: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.getty.edu\/research\/tools\/vocabularies\/aat\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"external\" rel=\"external\">http:\/\/www.getty.edu\/research\/tools\/vocabularies\/aat<\/a> [Date accessed: 05\/09\/2018].<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"nota-3\"><a href=\"#ref-3\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tornar amunt\" src=\"\/catalogues\/media\/img\/cataleg-escultures\/arrow-up.svg\"> <\/a> Andr\u00e9 Breton, Paul \u00c9luard, <em>Dictionnaire abr\u00e9g\u00e9 du surr\u00e9alisme<\/em>, Galerie Beaux-Arts, Paris, 1938.<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"nota-4\"><a href=\"#ref-4\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tornar amunt\" src=\"\/catalogues\/media\/img\/cataleg-escultures\/arrow-up.svg\"> <\/a> Salvador Dal\u00ed, <em>The Secret Life of Salvador Dal\u00ed<\/em>, Dial Press, New York, 1942.<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"nota-5\"><a href=\"#ref-5\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tornar amunt\" src=\"\/catalogues\/media\/img\/cataleg-escultures\/arrow-up.svg\"> <\/a> [Salvador Dal\u00ed], \u2018Sculptures involontaires\u2019,<em> Minotaure,<\/em> num. 3-4, 12\/1933, Paris, p. [68].<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"nota-6\"><a href=\"#ref-6\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tornar amunt\" src=\"\/catalogues\/media\/img\/cataleg-escultures\/arrow-up.svg\"> <\/a> Salvador Dal\u00ed, \u2018The Object as Revealed in Surrealist Experiment\u2019, <em>This Quarter<\/em>, vol. 5, no. 1, 09\/1932, London, p. 203.<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"nota-7\"><a href=\"#ref-7\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tornar amunt\" src=\"\/catalogues\/media\/img\/cataleg-escultures\/arrow-up.svg\"> <\/a> [Salvador Dal\u00ed], \u2018Sculptures involontaires\u2019, <em>op.cit.<\/em>, p. [68].<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"nota-8\"><a href=\"#ref-8\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tornar amunt\" src=\"\/catalogues\/media\/img\/cataleg-escultures\/arrow-up.svg\"> <\/a> Translated from Salvador Dal\u00ed, \u2018Objets surr\u00e9alistes\u2019, <em>Le surr\u00e9alisme au service de la r\u00e9volution<\/em>, num. 3, 12\/1931, Paris, p. 16.<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"nota-9\"><a href=\"#ref-9\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tornar amunt\" src=\"\/catalogues\/media\/img\/cataleg-escultures\/arrow-up.svg\"> <\/a> Salvador Dal\u00ed, <em>The Secret Life of Salvador Dal\u00ed<\/em>, <em>op. cit<\/em>., p. 312.<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"nota-10\"><a href=\"#ref-10\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tornar amunt\" src=\"\/catalogues\/media\/img\/cataleg-escultures\/arrow-up.svg\"> <\/a> Salvador Dal\u00ed, \u2018Objets surr\u00e9alistes\u2019, <em>op. cit.<\/em>, p. 16-17, [sheets 5-6]<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"nota-11\"><a href=\"#ref-11\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tornar amunt\" src=\"\/catalogues\/media\/img\/cataleg-escultures\/arrow-up.svg\"> <\/a> Salvador Dal\u00ed, \u2018Honneur \u00e0 l&#8217;objet&nbsp;!\u2019, <em>Cahiers d&#8217;art<\/em>, num. 1-2, 05\/1936, Paris, p. 53-[59].<\/li>\n\t<li id=\"nota-12\" class=\"last\"><a href=\"#ref-12\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Tornar amunt\" src=\"\/catalogues\/media\/img\/cataleg-escultures\/arrow-up.svg\"> <\/a> Salvador Dal\u00ed, \u2018I defy Aragon\u2019, <em>Art Front<\/em>, no. 21, 03\/1937, New York, p. 7.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"501\" src=\"https:\/\/catalogues.salvador-dali.org\/catalogues\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/raonat-escultures-003-01.jpg\" alt=\"Original manuscript of Salvador Dal\u00ed\u2019s article \u2018Objets surr\u00e9alistes\u2019, published in 1931.\" class=\"wp-image-460\" srcset=\"https:\/\/catalogues.salvador-dali.org\/catalogues\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/raonat-escultures-003-01.jpg 400w, https:\/\/catalogues.salvador-dali.org\/catalogues\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/raonat-escultures-003-01-240x300.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Original manuscript of Salvador Dal\u00ed\u2019s article \u2018Objets surr\u00e9alistes\u2019, published in 1931.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The definitions in this glossary are based on authoritative dictionaries, thesauruses and works of reference such as the Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms[1] and the Art &amp; Architecture Thesaurus of the Getty Research Institute.[2] Some terms have been complemented with material from contemporaneous sources such as the 1938 Dictionnaire abr\u00e9g\u00e9 du surr\u00e9alisme,[3] and with [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":461,"parent":799,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-756","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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